STEPHEN HAWKING,LIFE,WORK,EDUCATION,MARRIAGES,DISEASE,DEATH

 

Stephen Hawking English theoretical physicist

 

Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist and author who at the time of his death was Director of Research at the Center for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of doctors. He began his university education at University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17, he began his graduate work in October 1962 at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated in March 1966 with a specialization in general relativity and cosmology. Received PhD degree in Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with early slow motion. Progressive form of motor neurone disease that slowly paralyzed him over the decades. After the loss of his speech, he communicated via a speech-generating device, initially through the use of a handheld switch, and finally through a cheek muscle. Among Hawking's scientific works are collaborations with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to establish a theory of cosmology, which was explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a strong supporter of the multi-world interpretation of quantum mechanics. Hawking achieved commercial success with several popular science works in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His book A Brief History of Time made it to the Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked 25th in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He passed away on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.

Early life

Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford. Hawking's parents attended the University of Oxford, where Frank studied medicine and Isobel studied philosophy, politics and economics. Isobel worked as the secretary of a medical research institute, and Frank was a medical researcher. Hawking had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary.

 

Work

 

Stephen Hawking made important contributions to the understanding of black holes and the Big Bang theory. He received 12 honorary degrees and America's highest civilian honor. Stephen Hawking's work published in book form is 'A Brief History of Time'. This book was published in the year 1988 and became so popular due to its factuality and scientificity that it sold one million copies in 10 years. Even today its demand remains

 

What makes me most happy is that I played my part in understanding the universe. Its secrets were opened in front of the people and he was able to contribute to the research done on it. I feel proud when crowds of people want to know about my work. "

—Stephen Hawking

“I will always be proud that I played an important role in knowing the universe, made many new discoveries in the field of science and people appreciate my contribution. "

 

—Stephen Hawking


“I have lost control of almost all muscles and now I can only communicate through my cheek muscles by connecting the sensors on my glasses to the computer. "

—Stephen Hawking 

 

Education

Hawking started his schooling from Byron House School in Highgate, London. Eight-year-old Hawking attended St. Albans High School for Girls for a few months. He built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard, and other recycled components.Known as "Einstein" at the Hawking School, over time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to study mathematics at the university.Hawking began his university education at the University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17. His physics teacher, Robert Berman, later said, "He only needed to know that something could be done, and that he could do it without seeing how other people did it." Hawking was concerned that he was seen as a lazy and difficult student. So, when Viva was asked to describe her plans, she said, "If you give me the first prize, I'll go to Cambridge. If I get the second prize, I'll be at Oxford, so I hope That." You'll give me that first." He was held in higher esteem than he believed; as Berman remarked, the examiners were "so intelligent they could sense they were talking to someone smarter than themselves". After receiving a first class BA (Hons) degree in Physics and completing a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work in October 1962 at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was a difficult one. He was initially disappointed to learn that he had been appointed as observer, Dennis William Synema, one of the founders of modern cosmology, instead of the famous astronomer Fred Hoyle, and found that his training in mathematics was not sufficient. Work. in general relativity and cosmology. After suffering from motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – although his doctors advised him to continue his studies, they felt it made no sense. His disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking was unsupported 

personal life marriages

Hawking met his future wife, Jane Wilde, at a party in 1962. The following year, Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. In October 1964, aware of the potential challenges caused by Hawking's short life expectancy and physical limitations, the couple engaged to be married. Hawking later said that the engagement gave him "something to live for". The two were married on 14 July 1965 in their shared hometown of St. Albans.The couple lived in Cambridge, within walking distance of Hawking's Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). During the first years of their marriage, Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her degree at Westfield College. He traveled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related trips. Jane began a PhD program in Medieval Spanish Poetry (completed in 1981) through Westfield College. The couple had three children: Robert, born May 1967, Lucy, born November 1970, and Timothy, born April 1979. Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges, even - in an example set during his courtship - with Jane. His disability meant that the responsibilities of the home and family rested on his wife's rapidly growing shoulders, giving him more time to think about physics. Upon her appointment to a year-long position at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California in 1974, Jane proposed that an undergraduate or post-doctoral student stay with her and help care for her. Hawking accepted, and Bernard Carr traveled with him as the first of many students to fulfill the role. The family spent a generally happy and stimulating year in Pasadena. Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 for a new home and a new job as a reader. Don Page, with whom Hawking had started a close friendship at Caltech, came to work as a live-in graduate student assistant. With the help of Page and a secretary, Jane's responsibilities are eased so that she can return to her doctoral thesis and her renewed interest in singing. Around December 1977, Jane met organist Jonathan Heller Jones while singing in a church choir. Hellier Jones became close to the Hawking family, and by the mid-1980s, he and Jane had developed romantic feelings for each other. According to Jane, her husband was accepting the situation, saying that "as long as I continued to love him, he wouldn't mind". Jane and Helier Jones were determined not to break the family, and their relationship remained platonic for a long time. Hawking's marriage had been strained for several years until the 1980s. Jane felt overwhelmed by the infiltration of essential nurses and assistants into her family life. The impact of their celebrity was daunting for co-workers and family members, while the prospect of living up to a cosmopolitan fairytale image was daunting for the couple. Hawking's views on religion also contradicted his strong Christian faith and resulted in tensions. After a tracheotomy in 1985, Hawking required a full-time nurse and nursing care was divided into 3 shifts daily. In the late 1980s, Hawking became close to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason, to the dismay of some of his colleagues, caregivers, and family members, who were troubled by his personality and strength of security. In February 1990, Hawking told Jane that he was leaving her for Mason, leaving the family home. Following his divorce from Jane in 1995, Hawking married Mason in September, declaring, "It's wonderful — I've married the woman I love." In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, which described her marriage to Hawking and its breakup. Its revelations caused a sensation in the media, but as was his usual practice regarding his personal life, Hawking made no public comment except to say that he had not read biographies about himself. After his second marriage, Hawking's family felt excluded and marginalized from their lives. For a period of about five years in the early 2000s, her family and employees became concerned that she was being physically abused. A police investigation ensued, but was closed due to Hawking's refusal to file a complaint. In 2006, Hawking and Mason quietly divorced, and Hawking resumed a close relationship with Jane, their children, and their grandchildren. Reflecting this happy period, a revised version of Jane's book, titled Traveling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen, was published in 2007, and in 2014, The Theory of Everything, was made into a film.

Stephen hawking disease

 

Hawking was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), commonly referred to in the U.S. as Lou Gehrig's disease. As ALS progresses, the degeneration of motor neurons in the brain interfere with messages to muscles in the body. Eventually, muscles atrophy and voluntary control of muscles is lost.

 

Death

According to a family spokesman, Hawking died on the morning of March 14, 2018 at his home in Cambridge. His family had issued a statement expressing his grief.

NEERAJ CHOPRA,LIFE,CAREER,FAMLIY,EDUCATION,BACKGROUND

 

Neeraj Chopra (Golden Boy)

Neeraj Chopra (born 24 December 1997) is an Indian track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw and is a JCO in the Indian Army. He is the first track and field athlete to win an Olympic gold medal for India, and the second Olympic athletics medalist for India after Norman Pritchard, who won two silver medals at the 1900 Summer Olympics. At the 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships, Chopra achieved a world under-20 record of 86.48m. He was also the flag bearer at the opening ceremony for India at the 2018 Asian Games, which marked his first Asian Games appearance. He made gold medal winning throws at the 2018 Asian Games (88.07m) and the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Chopra won the gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 August 2021 with a throw of 87.58m in her second attempt. He is one of only two Indians to have won an individual Olympic gold medal (along with Abhinav Bindra), and is also the youngest Indian gold medalist in an individual event. Won a gold medal in his Olympic debut.

 Early life

Chopra was born in Khandara village of Panipat district of Haryana. After local children teased him about his childhood obesity, his father enrolled him in a gymnasium in Madlauda, ​​later he was enrolled in a gym in Panipat. While there, he also visited the nearby Panipat Sports Authority of India Centre, where javelin thrower Jaiveer Choudhary recognized his early talent. Seeing his ability to achieve 40m throw without training and impressed by Chopra's drive, Choudhary began coaching him. 

Career 

Chopra receiving the Arjuna Award from the President of India Ram Nath Kovind in 2018. After a year of training under her first coach, Choudhary, 13-year-old Chopra was admitted to the Tau Devi Lal Sports Complex in Panchkula, four hours away from her. The house, which at that time was one of only two facilities in the state of Haryana. Was. A synthetic runway. There, he began training under coach Naseem Ahmed, who coached him in long-distance running with the javelin throw. Initially in Tau Devi, he usually achieved a throw of around 55 metres. He soon extended his limits, and won the 2012 Junior Nationals in Lucknow, achieving a new national record throw of 68.40 metres. The following year, he entered his first international competition, the World Youth Championships in Ukraine. He won his first international medal in 2014, a silver in the Youth Olympic qualification in Bangkok. He achieved his first throw of over 70 meters at the 2014 senior nationals, followed by a world record throw of 81.04 meters in the junior category at the 2015 All India Inter-University Athletics Meet; It was his first throw of over 80 metres. Chopra returned to a national level training camp in 2015, [24] leaving Panchkula in early 2016. She won the gold medal at the 2016 South Asian Games with a throw of 84.23m, where she equaled the Indian national record.

Famliy

Chopra is the son of Satish Kumar, a farmer and Saroj Devi, a homemaker; And his family is mainly a Haryanvi agricultural family based in Khandara village of Panipat district. He has two sisters.

Education

He graduated from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College, Chandigarh and is currently pursuing Bachelor of Arts from Lovely Professional University in Jalandhar, Punjab.

background

According to some reports, Neeraj Chopra's ancestral roots are from the Rod Maratha lineage of the Maratha community, whose warriors came to Haryana from Maharashtra to fight the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761; And many Maratha warrior families of Rane, Bhosale and Chopde (Chopra) communities settled in villages in the Panipat region of Haryana.

2020 Tokyo Olympics (held in 2021)

Chopra made her Olympic debut representing India at the 2020 Summer Olympics. On 4 August 2021, he was placed in Group A, topped his group and qualified for the final in men's javelin throw with a throw of 86.65m. Chopra won the gold medal in the men's javelin throw final on 7 August 2021 with a throw of 87.58m, becoming the first Indian Olympian to win a gold medal in athletics, and the first Indian Olympic medalist in athletics since independence. He also became the second Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal after Abhinav Bindra, who won the gold medal in the men's 10m air rifle at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Chopra dedicated his win to sprinter Milkha Singh.

KNOW HOW GLASS IS MADE FROM SAND

Sand melts at an extremely high temperature of 3090 degrees Fahrenheit. When sand reaches its melting point it undergoes a complete transformation. The structure changes as it becomes amorphous - neither quite liquid nor quite solid. This material is very unique and forms a moldable material from which glass is made.

Glass is an amorphous solid material. Glass is usually brittle and often optically transparent. Glass or glass is that transparent or opaque material made of inorganic materials from which vial, bottle etc. are made. The first glass was manufactured in Egypt in ancient times. From this point of view, all those solids are called glass, which do not acquire a crystalline structure on cooling from the liquid state to the solid state. Soda-lime glass is the cheapest and most common glass, also called soft glass, which is used to make tube lights, daily use utensils and laboratory equipment. Soda-lime glass contains about 75% silica (SiO2), sodium oxides (Na2O) and lime (CaO) and many other small amounts. Glass i.e. SiO2 which is an integral part of sand. Sand and some other materials are melted in a furnace at about 1500 degrees Celsius and then this molten glass is poured drop by drop into the grooves to make the desired object. Suppose a bottle is being made, after pouring molten glass into the groove, further work is done on the surface of the bottle and it is then passed through a furnace. Glint glass is used in making electric bulb, camera and telescope lens.
Crook's Glass - It is used in the manufacture of sunglasses.
Crown Glass - It is used in making lenses of other glasses.
Pyrex Glass - It is used in making laboratory equipment. This glass has high thermal shock resistance.
Photo Chromatic Glass- There is a special type of glass, which turns black in intense light. This property is due to the presence of silver chloride in it.
Potassium chloride is used to make glass hard.

 History 

According to legend, the glass was discovered by humans when some merchants offered food vessels on shoals on the coast of Phoenicia in Syria. When the fire was ignited, he saw a stream of liquefied glass flowing. This glass was formed by the combination of sand and salt. Historically, the first method of producing glass-like luster on utensils was invented in Mesopotamia (Iraq) about 12,000 years before Christ. The oldest glass-molded amulets have been found in Egypt, dating back 7,000 BCE. About 1,200 BCE, the Egyptians began pressing glass into open molds, and by this method Glass plates, bowls, etc. were made. Egypt remained the center of glass manufacturing from 1,550 BCE to the beginning of the Christian era. The process of blowing hot glass by blower was a great invention of man and the credit for this also goes to the Phoenicians. The period of this invention is 320-20 years before BC. Through this invention, many types of hollow glass vessels were made. In fact, this process is also used in modern glass manufacturing machines. The commercial expansion of the glass industry starts from the Christian era. Its manufacture reached its climax in Rome and Venice regions of Italy. With its requirements and scientific advances, progress in the manufacture of glass of different qualities was made in each country. England, France, Germany and the United States of America owe much of the credit for the modern progress of the glass industry. For example, in 1557 AD, sisal crystal was invented in London; In 1668, the method of casting plate glass was invented in Paris; In the year 1880, many types of glass were invented in Germany by Schatt and Evie; In 1879, a fully automatic glass-making machine, the oven, was built; In 1915, heat-resistant 'Pyrex' glass was created, which does not crack even when heated and immersed in cold water; In the year 1928, safe glass (safety glass) was manufactured, which cracks when injured, but its pieces do not fall apart. It is installed in motorcars; In 1931 AD, glass threads and fabrics were manufactured; In 1902, sheet glass began to be manufactured in the city of Pittsburgh in the United States of America and in Belgium by the 'Libby Owens' and 'Fourcult' systems.

BEST WAY TO CLEAN WATER FROM SPEAKERS

 Fix My Speakers

 

 

You dropped your phone in the toilet, sink or pool? When water gets into your phone's speaker enclosure, the sound is slowed down. Leaving any kind of liquid in your speaker can cause serious damage if it dries out.

Fix My Speakers works as a unique feature. It plays a distinctive tone that produces sound waves that allow water to escape

WORLD'S FIRST MOBILE

We all use mobile telephones. Now that too has happened. 4G is done. Soon 5G is coming as you come with first mobile phone. There was the matter of mobile telephone. The world's first mobile telephone company communicated the world. The Maya was the world's first mobile telephone with data. Mobile telephone in India What is mobile telephone in India and what is the name of the company. answers to all these questions The mobile phone was invented by American engineer Martin Cooper. The birthday of the mobile phone was recorded on 3 April 1973. This is the date when mobile phones were first used. That is, the world's first mobile phone was launched. You already know that the world's first mobile phone was launched by Motorola Company. Engineer Martin Cooper joined the Motorola company in 1970. With joining, he started doing wireless work and in 1973 i.e. in just 3 years, he did what no one had dreamed of.

HOW TO MADE COTTON

Fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, cotton balls will increase seed dispersal.The plant is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt, and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was domesticated independently in the Old and New Worlds.The fiber is often spun into yarn or thread and the use of cotton for fabric has been known since prehistoric times; Fragments of cotton fabric dating back to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the Indus Valley Civilization, as well as fabric remains dating back to 6000 BC in Peru. Although cultivated since ancient times, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber fabric in clothing today.The current estimate of world production is about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, which is 2.5% of the world's arable land. India is the largest producer of cotton in the world. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years. In the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure about 0.48 cubic meters (17 cu ft) and weigh 226.8 kilograms (500 lb).

THE FIRST TOOTHBRUSH IN THE WORLD

1780. William Addis of England invented the first mass-produced toothbrush. While in prison, he made small holes in the bone of cattle, tied pig fibers (from wild boars) into bunches, passed them through the holes and then glued them

The toothbrush as we know it today was not invented until 1938. However, the earliest forms of toothbrushes have been in existence since 3000 BC. Ancient civilizations used a "chewing stick", which was a thin twig with a friable end. These 'chewing sticks' were rubbed with the teeth. The bristled toothbrush, similar to the type used today, was not invented in China until 1498. The bristles were actually stiff, coarse hairs taken from the back of a hog's neck and attached to handles made of bone or bamboo. Boar bristles were used until 1938 when nylon bristles were introduced by DuPont de Nemours. The first nylon toothbrush was called Doctor West's Miracle Toothbrush. Later, Americans were impressed by the disciplined hygiene habits of World War II soldiers. They became more concerned with practicing good oral hygiene and quickly adopted nylon toothbrushes.

WHAT IS AIRGEL

Airgel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced by a gas without significant collapse of the gel structure. The result is a solid with extremely low density and extremely low thermal conductivity. its translucent nature and the way in which light is scattered in the material,

 

 

Nicknames due to him include frozen smoke, solid smoke, solid wind, solid cloud and blue smoke. Silica aerogels feel like delicate expanded polystyrene to the touch, while some polymer-based aerogels feel like rigid foam. Aerogels can be made from a variety of chemical compounds. Airgel was first created by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931, as a result of a bet with Charles Lerne that could replace the liquid in "jelly" with a gas without compressing it. Aerogels are produced by extracting the liquid component of the gel through supercritical drying or freeze-drying. This allows the liquid to dry slowly, causing the solid matrix in the gel to collapse by capillary action, as is the case with conventional evaporation. First aerogels can be made from silica, carbon, metal oxidation etc. Kistler's later work included aerogels based on alumina, chromia and tin dioxide.

They have the following features-
1. It acts as a very good thermal insulator.
2. Being hygroscopic, it protects against the effects of water.
3. It is very strong for the weight.
4. Works as a very good adsorbent.

Carbon aerogels were first developed in the late 1980s.Due to these properties of aerogel, it is used in many places like paints, cosmetics, insulators etc.

TURTLES LIVE LIKE FRIENDS IN THIS COUNTRY

 

 

The Sulcata tortoise, also known as the African spard or African spur thigh tortoise, is one of the most common tortoises kept as pets. Hatching is 1.5-2in in length, but under proper conditions, they can gain 5-10in per year. Large adults can reach over 100in.

A Japanese man and his giant African tortoise have become used to head-turning when they go on a walk in Tokyo. Hisao Mitani, 68, says he has been taking his pet Bon-chan on daily walks for years.Mitani has the tortoise that his wife got from a pet shop for almost 25 years. But recently he became an internet sensation when pictures of the two roaming around the city of Tokyo went viral.Mitani, owner of the funeral parlor, says that the sweet-natured turtle has also helped in the business. He says that when the grieving family visits his store, he looks at Bon-chan and smiles. Bon-chan, who regularly consumes vegetables and fruits, including apples, weighs about 154 pounds, Mitani said. He hopes that the tortoise will grow even bigger.Mitani, who has no children, says that Bon-chan will probably keep him and his wife alive. He wants someone in his neighborhood to eventually adopt the turtle.

MANOJ BHARGAVA, PRODUCER OF 5-HOUR ENERGY DRINK (WHO DONATED 99% OF HIS WEALTH FOR THE BETTERMENT OF THE PEOPLE)

 Manoj Bhargava

Manoj Bhargava (born 1953) is an Indian American billionaire businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder and CEO of Innovation Ventures LLC (DBA Living Essentials LLC), a company known for the production of 5-Hour Energy Drinks.

 As of 2012, the brand had an estimated sales of $1 billion. In 2015, Bhargava pledged 99% of his net worth to improve the well-being of the less fortunate in the world.

Bhargava life and education 

Bhargava was born in 1953 in Lucknow, India and moved with his family to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States in 1967. Bhargava won a mathematics scholarship to an "elite private academy" called The Hill School, and after graduating high school attended Princeton University for a year in 1972.

Business 

After college, Bhargava returned to India and spent the next 12 years visiting monasteries owned by the Hansloka Ashram. and worked in various middle class office and construction works.Bhargava returned to the US and joined Bhar Incorporated, his parents' plastic injection manufacturing company based in New Haven, Indiana. In 1990 he bought a company that made parts for outdoor furniture. In 2006, Prime PVC Inc. joined in. was sold to.Bhargava created Innovation Ventures LLC (DBA Living Essentials LLC), and launched 5 Hour Energy in 2003. By 2012, retail sales had grown to an estimated $1 billion. Over time, Bhargava created additional institutions or funds to support a variety of new ventures. These include a manufacturing venture lab called capital venture company Microdose Life Sciences, Stage 2 Innovation LLC, ETC Capital LLC, Plymouth Real Estate Holdings LLC and Oakland Energy and a private equity fund. Water Enterprises. In 2014, he financed Bleacher Street, a New York City-based film distribution company.Bhargava was interviewed on the ABC News show Nightline in September 2012. That year, a Forbes magazine article stated that Bhargava and his company, Innovation Ventures, had participated in 90 court cases against competitors, suppliers and affiliates since 2003. As of 2012, fourteen of those cases had been settled or dismissed.

Bhargava's net worth

In 2013, Forbes reported Bhargava's net worth at $1.5 billion, but in 2014 he was dropped from the list of billionaires. Bhargava's 2015 documentary, Billion in Change, reports that his net worth is over $4 billion,

Charitable work 

Bhargava is a member of the Giving Pledge campaign. In 2015, he pledged 99% of his assets to charity. His foundations include Hans Foundation and Rural India Supporting Trust. In 2016, Bhargava told National Geographic that he planned to distribute 10,000 of his stationary, electric-generating bikes to rural homes and villages in India.

Personal life

Bhargava is married, with one child, and lives in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.