DO YOU KNOW THE HISTORY OF GLASS AND HOW THIS GLASS IS MADE ?

 

From waking up in the morning to going to sleep at night, you must have gone in front of the glass many times. Actually, glass is such a thing, as soon as it comes in front of it, its reflection starts appearing in the glass. Glass is a very important thing in our daily life. Glass was invented before the invention of plastic. Glass is such a thing that could be easily changed into any shape. That is, we can give it any shape or size.Glass is used to make many things such as glass utensils, mirrors in which we see our face, window, gate, TV, laptop and screen of our mobile as well as glass is used for all kinds of things. is done in making. There are mainly two types of glass, in which first is normal glass and second is special purpose glass. Mostly normal glass (glass) is used and the glass which is in our homes is also normal glass. Whereas special purpose glasses are made for a specific purpose such as bullet proof glass, the glass in the wind screen of the car. But only ordinary glass is used to make 90% of the things, how important is glass in your life.

Invention of glass

Glass as an independent object (mostly in the form of beads) dates back to about 2500 BC. It probably originated in Mesopotamia and was later brought to Egypt. Glass vessels appeared around 1450 BC, during the reign of Thutmose III, the 18th dynasty pharaoh of Egypt. A glass bottle with a hieroglyph of Thutmose is in the British Museum in London. From Mesopotamia and Egypt, glassmaking using the basic soda-lime-silica composition traveled to Phoenicia along the coast of present-day Lebanon. From there the art spread to Cyprus, Greece, and the Italian peninsula by the 9th century BC. After the conquest of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, the skill of glass-making spread to the East, including the Indian subcontinent. Excavations at Nevasa have discovered glass beads and bangles characteristic of Hindu culture dating back to around 200 BC. Glass makers in Syria prospered during this time, in plain bowls of single colours 

How is glass made? 

Sand or sand is used to make glass. But in making glass, no common sand is used, but such sand is used which contains silica. In which up to 99% silica is found.

Some things are needed to make glass such as lime, soda and sand. Then a mixture of all these is prepared in which about 75% is sand, 15% is soda and 10% is lime. It is grinded well through a machine and old glass pieces are also mixed in it. After this, this mixture is put in a furnace for melting, tell that for this a furnace is required whose temperature is very high. The mixture which is put in this furnace at such a high temperature melts and turns into a liquid. And this liquid is molten glass, that is, glass itself. That is, when this liquid cools slowly, it turns into glass. The molten glass is then poured into a mold or sheet as needed and left to cool. So in this way different things of glass are made.

What is the process of making glass? 

Sand is used as a raw material to make glass, but this sand is not ordinary sand, but such sand is used for this, in which 99 percent silica is available. After obtaining such sand, the procedure given below is followed, due to which the glass is prepared.

Mixing

The process of preparing glass begins with mixing. For this, about 15 percent soda ash, 10 percent lime and 75 percent sand are taken.After that it is mixed well among themselves. A mixture of this is prepared. The prepared mixture is mixed in such glass pieces, which are old. 

Melting

After the mixture is ready, the process of melting is started by putting it in the furnace.

To melt it, the temperature of the furnace is kept around 1000 °C.

Colding

Well when the mixture melts, it turns into a liquid form. After that it is taken out and then put in a mold and left to cool down

Glass

When the mixture cools down completely in the mold, it is taken out. In this way, as is the shape of the mold, the real glass is ready to be made. 

Tell what shape the glass is to be given, it is decided only when the glass mixture is changed into liquid form, after that it is poured into the same size mold as it is to be given And after cooling, glass is obtained in the same shape.

How is a mirror made? 

There are many types of glass. A glass is that which is transparent, which is used to make household utensils, bottles, window glasses etc.

 

 

 A mirror is made from this glass itself. To make glass, the large glass is laid down and transported through a robotic system to the conveyor belt. After this it is cleaned with water and oxide etc. Apart from this, hot water is also used to clean it.The glass is then coated and liquefied tin is first plated, which forms the back of the glass. For this reason, silver easily sticks to the glass. Explain that silver is plated on glass in liquid form. There are also some chemicals in it, due to which even a simple glass gets converted into a mirror. After this, double coating of copper etc. is done on it, due to which the glass lasts for a long time.The mirror is then placed in the dryer and kept at 31 °C temperature. Then a paint is done on the back side and it is dried through machines. Many companies also do double coating. After this it is cut according to the demand and many types of designs are also included in it.

What is the history of glass in India? 

The word glass appears in many places in Yajurveda Samhita, Mahabharata, Ramayana and Yoga Vashistha. Apart from this, let us also tell you that there are some areas in India where such pieces of glass have been found which are of ancient times. If we look at the details of glass in India, it starts from the 16th century, because at that time a huge amount of glass was sent by India to the countries of northern Italy and Europe, as well as chemical products to make glass also sent to Venice. Used to go Around the 19th century, bangles, vials and toys were manufactured by glass in different states of India. India's modern glass industry started in the year 1870 and by the year 1915, many glass factories had started in India, but all of them were closed. At present, many glass factories are running in India.

What is the use of glass?  

Many things are made using glass. Such as potable glass water bottle, drinking water glass, dining table etc. Along with this, it is also used to strengthen the structure. According to the demand, things made of glass are kept very strong or less strong. The thickness of the glass is kept more in wine bottles.Let us also tell you that the glass it is, it is also corrosion resistant and it does not dissolve in most of the liquids. Therefore, only glass bottles are used to keep wine and wine and to keep other types of chemicals.

IN WHICH COUNTRY WAS YOGURT BACTERIA DISCOVERED

Bulgaria is located in the Balkan Peninsula of Europe. The process of using curd here has been going on for centuries. Here a special breed of bacteria is found necessary for the curdling. The climate here is considered very good for making curd. Bulgaria itself made curd a commercial product. A scientist from Bulgaria was the first to do research on the method of freezing curd. He was a resident of Trun area of ​​Bulgaria. The name of the scientist was Stamen Grigorov. The Dahi Museum has also been built in the name of this Bulgarian scientist, which is the only museum of its kind in the world.Lactobacillus bulgaricus is the bacteria behind the freezing of curd.

Which country gave the gift of curd

It is said that curd is a gift from the Eastern European country of Bulgaria. The history of curd is as old as the history of Bulgaria itself. Here curd is eaten in many forms. Any food here is incomplete without curd. Many Bulgarians claim that the nomadic caste people discovered the idea of ​​making curd four thousand years ago. These nomads used to roam from place to place with their young children. In such a situation, they had no way to store the milk. So he started collecting milk and using it. He used animal skins for this work. The milk was kept at a certain temperature which allowed the bacteria to settle in the milk. By adopting almost the same method, the process of making curd started in other parts of the world as well.

IN WHICH COUNTRY WAS ELECTRICITY FIRST INTRODUCED

 

 

In India, electricity was first introduced in Kolkata. The first electric light was lit in Calcutta in 1879 and again in 1881. With the Calcutta Electric Lighting Act of 1895, Calcutta & Company licensed electrification in Calcutta as an agent of the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited. Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited was registered in London. On 17 April 1899, the first thermal power plant of the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited was commissioned at Imambagh Lane near Prinsep Ghat, ushering in thermal power generation in India. Whereas electricity reached Delhi in the early 20th century. By now the importance of the city had increased due to political reasons. According to Narayani Gupta's book 'Delhi Between to Empires', electricity also came to Delhi in 1902 due to the (Delhi) Durbar. However, the generation of electricity in Delhi started in 1905. In the early days, electricity was made from diesel. During the Third Delhi Durbar of 1911, when the British king announced the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi in a ceremony held at the Coronation Park in Burari, the same year a steam generating station was built here.

Electricity decoration was done in Delhi Durbar 

Significantly, in the first decade of the 20th century, the British, imitating Indian tradition, held two Durbars (1903, 1911) in Delhi, which were decorated with electricity. Leo Coleman in his book 'A Moral Technology, Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi' has outlined the role of technology in shaping cultural politics, political thought under the pretext of electrification of India's capital.

Wasteful expenditure on electricity

HC Fanshwa, author of 'Delhi, Past and Present', while discussing the introduction of electric lighting in the East (ie India), dismissed it as a wasteful expenditure. He argued that unlike Calcutta in Delhi, business ends in the evening. In such a situation, the light from kerosene is enough.

The first diesel power station installed in 1905 

An English company named 'M/s John Fleming' built the first diesel power station in Delhi in 1905. This company was responsible for both the generation and distribution of electricity. After obtaining a license under the Electricity Act, 1903, the John Fleming Company built a small two MW diesel station at Lahori Gate in Old Delhi. Later its name was changed to 'Delhi Electricity Supply and Traction Company'. In 1911, steam generation stations were started to generate electricity. According to the 'Gazette of Delhi, 1912', Delhi was not backward in any way in terms of lighting by electricity. It is true that only small streets and civil lines are lit with kerosene-burning lamps, but arrangements for electric lighting were made in the streets. Altogether 40 lamps to light 2000 candles and 80 lamps to light 50 candles were installed. Regular electricity is being provided for lighting public buildings, civil lines houses and the houses of the nobles. According to Leo Coleman, these English royal rituals reflected the colonial hold on modern techniques. It also inspired Indian princes to try to use modern electricity for their political and religious rituals.

Delhi Central Electricity Power Authority was formed in 1939.

In 1932 the management of the Central Power House was handed over to the 'New Delhi Municipal Corporation Committee' (NDMC). In Delhi's power generation-distribution sector, the year 1939 was a milestone as the Delhi Central Electricity Power Authority (DCEPA) was formed in the same year. The responsibility of this company was to provide electricity to the local bodies, especially the areas of Delhi Municipal Committees, West Delhi and South Delhi, besides the areas under the notified area committees, Red Fort, Civil Lines, Mehrauli, Najafgarh and Delhi District Board. At the same time, the work of power supply in the areas of Municipal Committees of Delhi-Shahdara and the notified area of ​​Narela was in the hands of various private agencies.

Constitution of Delhi State Electricity Board in 1951

After India got independence i.e. in the year 1947, DESTC was acquired by DCEPA Limited, then 1951 Delhi State Electricity Board was formed.

LET'S KNOW HOW THE TRUTH IS PREPARED

 

 

Makhana is delicious and nutritious to eat, even today traditional methods areadopted in its preparation, which is very complicated, how Makhana is transported from the farm to the market and our home. Let us know that the fruits of Makhana are very prickly, so later they go under water and sit down. After about 1 to 2 months, all the thorns melt, after which the farmers collect the flowers of Makhana in the month of September to October. After this its seeds are dried in strong sunlight. The country receives foreign exchange of 22 to 25 crores annually from Makhana exports. Traders send Makhana from Bihar to states like Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, use of agricultural chemicals in the cultivation of Makhana, due to which it is also called organic food. There are very few things that take care of your health along with the taste. In such a situation, Makhana can prove to be a boon for you.

Makhane Seed Collection

Makhana harvesting is a lengthy process that requires skilled labor. The harvesting of the crop usually starts at 7:00 am and continues till around 5:00 pm. It is difficult to get seeds from the bottom of the pond, but now Makhana is also cultivated in the field, it is relatively easy to collect the seeds from the field.

Seed cleaning and storage

Once the seeds are collected, they are deposited in a horn-shaped device called 'ganja'. The re-vibration process is carried out in a cylindrical device to further clean them. After cleaning, these seeds are left to dry in the sun for a few hours and then packed in small bags. Makhana seeds lose up to 3 percent moisture in direct sunlight, which makes them easy to take to commercial markets. The seeds can be kept at home for a long time. Long and cylindrical bamboo sticks are used to preserve the seeds. These are further covered with cow dung and plastered. It is also carefully covered with a thick cloth to maintain the required temperature.

Makhana Grading

Now the processed seeds are sieved several times for grading. The grading process involves makhana seeds of varying sizes in some Indian states, separated by separate sieves, which are essentially rectangular iron plates, also known as 'jharnas'. Sometimes the seeds are made to pass through 10 different sieves. These graded seeds are then safely stored in separate packings. Seed grading enables uniform heating of each nut during roasting and this increases the efficiency of processing of makhana. There are generally two types of seeds at the producer level - lava and thuri. While the lava is swollen and white in color with reddish spots, the thurri is half-roasted and is very hard and reddish in colour. 

Pre-heating 

Sun-dried makhana seeds are usually heated in a cast iron or earthen pitcher by placing them on the fire and stirring continuously. The surface temperature of the pan varies from 250°C – 3000°C and the heating time at full capacity of the earthen pot is about 5 to 6 minutes.

Seed tempering

Hot seeds need to be kept in ambient and suitable conditions for three days, which is also called as tempering of makhana seeds. This process helps loosen the kernels within the hard shell of the seed. 

Roasting and cracking seeds

Roasting the makhana seeds immediately after drying is done at high temperature and is usually done in a cast iron pan with constant stirring. This further ensures that they last for a long time, otherwise they have a tendency to deteriorate. Once the fried seeds have cooled down, these seeds are cleaned by hand, cleaned with a wooden object until a white puff comes out of the black colored seeds. With the breaking of the shell, the kernel ejects and immediately expands and doubles its size. It is Makhana Pop or Lava. It is important that no residue of the black seeds is left on the doubly expanded white puff and they are kept in packets to be sold in the markets.

Polishing

The seeds of Makhana have to go through the process of polishing by rubbing them together in bamboo baskets. Polishing smooths the surface, providing pop more whiteness and shine.

packaging

Polythene bags and simple jute sacks of different sizes are also used to pack the popped makhana.The fruits of Makhana are very prickly, so later they go under water and sit down. After about 1 to 2 months, all the thorns melt, after which the farmers collect the flowers of Makhana in the month of September to October. After this its seeds are dried in strong sunlight.

KNOW HOW GLASS IS MADE FROM SAND

Sand melts at an extremely high temperature of 3090 degrees Fahrenheit. When sand reaches its melting point it undergoes a complete transformation. The structure changes as it becomes amorphous - neither quite liquid nor quite solid. This material is very unique and forms a moldable material from which glass is made.

Glass is an amorphous solid material. Glass is usually brittle and often optically transparent. Glass or glass is that transparent or opaque material made of inorganic materials from which vial, bottle etc. are made. The first glass was manufactured in Egypt in ancient times. From this point of view, all those solids are called glass, which do not acquire a crystalline structure on cooling from the liquid state to the solid state. Soda-lime glass is the cheapest and most common glass, also called soft glass, which is used to make tube lights, daily use utensils and laboratory equipment. Soda-lime glass contains about 75% silica (SiO2), sodium oxides (Na2O) and lime (CaO) and many other small amounts. Glass i.e. SiO2 which is an integral part of sand. Sand and some other materials are melted in a furnace at about 1500 degrees Celsius and then this molten glass is poured drop by drop into the grooves to make the desired object. Suppose a bottle is being made, after pouring molten glass into the groove, further work is done on the surface of the bottle and it is then passed through a furnace. Glint glass is used in making electric bulb, camera and telescope lens.
Crook's Glass - It is used in the manufacture of sunglasses.
Crown Glass - It is used in making lenses of other glasses.
Pyrex Glass - It is used in making laboratory equipment. This glass has high thermal shock resistance.
Photo Chromatic Glass- There is a special type of glass, which turns black in intense light. This property is due to the presence of silver chloride in it.
Potassium chloride is used to make glass hard.

 History 

According to legend, the glass was discovered by humans when some merchants offered food vessels on shoals on the coast of Phoenicia in Syria. When the fire was ignited, he saw a stream of liquefied glass flowing. This glass was formed by the combination of sand and salt. Historically, the first method of producing glass-like luster on utensils was invented in Mesopotamia (Iraq) about 12,000 years before Christ. The oldest glass-molded amulets have been found in Egypt, dating back 7,000 BCE. About 1,200 BCE, the Egyptians began pressing glass into open molds, and by this method Glass plates, bowls, etc. were made. Egypt remained the center of glass manufacturing from 1,550 BCE to the beginning of the Christian era. The process of blowing hot glass by blower was a great invention of man and the credit for this also goes to the Phoenicians. The period of this invention is 320-20 years before BC. Through this invention, many types of hollow glass vessels were made. In fact, this process is also used in modern glass manufacturing machines. The commercial expansion of the glass industry starts from the Christian era. Its manufacture reached its climax in Rome and Venice regions of Italy. With its requirements and scientific advances, progress in the manufacture of glass of different qualities was made in each country. England, France, Germany and the United States of America owe much of the credit for the modern progress of the glass industry. For example, in 1557 AD, sisal crystal was invented in London; In 1668, the method of casting plate glass was invented in Paris; In the year 1880, many types of glass were invented in Germany by Schatt and Evie; In 1879, a fully automatic glass-making machine, the oven, was built; In 1915, heat-resistant 'Pyrex' glass was created, which does not crack even when heated and immersed in cold water; In the year 1928, safe glass (safety glass) was manufactured, which cracks when injured, but its pieces do not fall apart. It is installed in motorcars; In 1931 AD, glass threads and fabrics were manufactured; In 1902, sheet glass began to be manufactured in the city of Pittsburgh in the United States of America and in Belgium by the 'Libby Owens' and 'Fourcult' systems.

WHO INVENTED ABCD?

 

Who invented ABCD?
It was invented by Bruce Thomson in 1980.

In 1995, John Darnell of Yale University made a discovery that sparked a renewed interest in the alphabet. Darnell's team analyzed two letters engraved on stones in Egypt. These resembled the hieroglyphic style of 3800 years ago. Of these, both the words alpha and beta are formed by combining the alphabet, which means 'alphabet' and is called the alphabet. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. There are 52 letters in the Hindi alphabet. Researchers attribute its origin to a type of Protestant astronomical writing that originated in Egypt between 1800 and 1900 BCE. Based on this ancient premise, the Phoenicians developed the first widely used alphabet some 700 years later. As the saying goes, necessity is the mother of invention. The modern way we see the world today is the result of this need. Speaking of whereabouts, the same adage is true here as well. The modern English alphabet of 26 letters may be called the Roman alphabet, but it was not invented by the Romans. He only corrected and refined the written language. It has developed in its own way in many countries over thousands of years and is still happening. Most of the letters in the alphabet represent ancient images of animals, objects, and figures.

History of english alphabet

Many images and symbols were made by the Egyptians in 3000 BC. Each picture is in the shape of a letter. It was called a hieroglyph. But this alphabet was too slow for the business world. Especially for the Phoenicians of 1200 BC, who at that time were the world's greatest merchants. So they developed only those letters in which the symbol could function. Each symbol represents a sound and some symbols are combined to make the sound of a word. The Greeks assimilated the Phoenician alphabet in 800 BC, but found it lacked consonant sounds. Whereas they were needed in their own language. Then he took 19 Phoenician letters and added five letters to his script. In this way a letter of 24 letters is formed. The Romans settled the alphabet in 114 AD. Later, the Normans in England added letters like J, V and W to this alphabet. It was thus the foundation on which today's English alphabet rests.

Of magic words

1. Capital Q in English stands for Monkey. In ancient paintings this cue was carved with head, ear, hand. 

2. To know about the shortest words i.e. question and exclamation marks, we have to go to France of the year 1862. Victor Hugo was a great writer. He had finished his novel and went on vacation. But he was curious to know how the books sold, as well as to make the smallest of signs. So he wrote a letter to the publisher? The publishers were no less imaginative, wanting to record the shortest writing with Hugo, so they responded by writing! This question and answer combined the smallest letters of the alphabet, which were called symbols. 

3. Interestingly, the credit for inventing the longest sentence also goes to Hugo. This sentence is also from his novel, which had 823 letters, 93 commas, 51 semicolons, 4 dashes. This sentence was about three pages long. 

4. 'Underground' is the only word in the English language that begins and ends with the letters 'UND'. 

5. The word 'taxi' is pronounced alike by Indian, English, French, German, Swedish, Portuguese and Dutch.